CVE-2023-45648
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Apache Tomcat: Trailer header parsing too lenient
rank 29 = 1 + 13 + 7 + 8 + 0
rank@v1 · scheduled
Someone is already using it
CISA KEV catalog · public proof-of-concept · FIRST EPSS
EPSS 0.05848 · without this subject the record ranks 28
What it costs you if it fires
NVD CVSS base score, then the CNA's own
CVSS 5.3, from NVD · without this subject the record ranks 16
It is getting worse, not staying still
FIRST EPSS series, rescorings and bad loads removed
rose on 2026-02-18 · without this subject the record ranks 22
How much of the world it touches
NVD CPE configurations
9 products in the CPE ranges · without this subject the record ranks 21
Someone else already set the date
CISA KEV remediation due date
no CISA due date · without this subject the record ranks 29
$70,200 = $4.99M incident cost x 0.24048551839932833 exposure x 0.05848 likelihood
udv@v1 · unaudited · wrong for you until you say what you run
$4.99M is the cost of a breach that happened, from IBM Cost of a Data Breach Report 2026, global average. It is not the value of any asset of yours. That average already covers breaches of every severity, so scaling it by exposure understates a partial-impact record. That is an assumption, not a measurement. Your own asset value goes in the decision record.
Hindsight · the state
Foresight · where to check next
This record is one instance of CWE-20, improper input validation. The index holds 13347 prior instances of this class, 73 KEV-listed. The nearest of its KEV-listed records are drawn beside this. taxonomy@v1
Running Apache Tomcat? Check your version
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Harm, if it fires from the vector and the weakness
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CISA KEV & Federal Remediation Deadline from the record and CISA
The fix, and how long it's been waiting.
Exploit Status & Known PoCs a ladder, not a score
Current rung: Nothing observed in held sources.
- RUNG 1Nothing observed in held sources
- RUNG 2Proof-of-concept published
- RUNG 3Exploited in the wild · CISA KEV listed
- RUNG 4Ransomware campaign use known
Affected & Fixed Versions as published
Show all 9 published ranges
A rung lights from a row in the index, never from an assessment. "Held sources" is the true scope of the claim: this index reads the CVE record, NVD, CISA KEV, FIRST's EPSS and public proof-of-concept repositories, and it does not observe attacks.
What it is stated by the CNA
Improper Input Validation vulnerability in Apache Tomcat.Tomcat from 11.0.0-M1 through 11.0.0-M11, from 10.1.0-M1 through 10.1.13, from 9.0.0-M1 through 9.0.81 and from 8.5.0 through 8.5.93 did not correctly parse HTTP trailer headers. A specially crafted, invalid trailer header could cause Tomcat to treat a single request as multiple requests leading to the possibility of request smuggling when behind a reverse proxy. Older, EOL versions may also be affected. Users are recommended to upgrade to version 11.0.0-M12 onwards, 10.1.14 onwards, 9.0.81 onwards or 8.5.94 onwards, which fix the issue. receipt
NVD's analysis a second authority
- severity
- 5.3 CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
- weakness
- CWE-20
- affected versions
- apache tomcat >= 8.5.0 < 8.5.94; apache tomcat >= 9.0.1 < 9.0.81; apache tomcat >= 10.1.1 < 10.1.14; and 6 more, listed in full below
- also scored by
- 5.3 CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
check it yourself lists.apache.org receipt
Dated events
Movement the material steps
This score more than doubled inside 72 hours. Both observations are in the full history below.
Show all 59 observations
59 observations held. A highlighted step crossed a promotion threshold. A step marked with a scoring model moved because the instrument was replaced, not because the vulnerability changed. receipt
The full biography
Exploit probability more than doubled between 2025-03-17 and 2025-03-19 (0.04605 → 0.09311) and the record had been public for 2 years, 8 months when this index was last written.
The pattern, elsewhere
This record is one instance of CWE-20, improper input validation. The index holds 13347 prior instances of this class, 73 KEV-listed. The nearest of its KEV-listed records are drawn beside this. [email protected]
"Matches n of m" counts the attributes the two records can both be compared on: the CVSS metrics they share a version of, any weakness class beyond this one, and the vendor. fit-rules@v1
13347 records in this class held. The six above are drawn from the ones CISA has listed as exploited, ranked by how much of the record matches this one. That is why every one of them is KEV-listed: the pool is, so the colour on those spokes says nothing the pool has not already said.
No curated product neighbourhood is held for this product, so the records above are the nearest this index can name. The neighbourhood table covers a small set of products and is extended by hand.
Siblings and hubs
Records related to this one
No record cites this identifier and it carries no alias. Its defect family is below.
Its defect family
apache software foundation apache tomcat
Of the 9 records in this family, this is the only one whose title names trailer parsing too.
Grouped by shared product and weakness, not by shared vulnerability. Each record's own state is on its own page.
Family membership: held values
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What usually comes next
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