CVE-2023-28771
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Improper error message handling in Zyxel ZyWALL/USG series firmware versions 4.60 through 4.73, VPN series firmware versions 4.60 through 5.35, USG…
rank 81 = 40 + 25 + 0 + 10 + 6
rank@v1 · act now
Someone is already using it
CISA KEV catalog · public proof-of-concept · FIRST EPSS
EPSS 0.99284 · CISA KEV listed · without this subject the record ranks 41
What it costs you if it fires
NVD CVSS base score, then the CNA's own
CVSS 9.8, from the CNA · without this subject the record ranks 56
It is getting worse, not staying still
FIRST EPSS series, rescorings and bad loads removed
no persisting rise in 365 days · without this subject the record ranks 81
How much of the world it touches
NVD CPE configurations
20 products in the CPE ranges · without this subject the record ranks 71
Someone else already set the date
CISA KEV remediation due date
CISA remediation date held · without this subject the record ranks 75
$4.95M = $4.99M incident cost x 1 exposure x 0.99284 likelihood
udv@v1 · unaudited · wrong for you until you say what you run
$4.99M is the cost of a breach that happened, from IBM Cost of a Data Breach Report 2026, global average. It is not the value of any asset of yours. That average already covers breaches of every severity, so scaling it by exposure understates a partial-impact record. That is an assumption, not a measurement. Your own asset value goes in the decision record.
Hindsight · the state
Foresight · where to check next
This record is one instance of CWE-78, improper neutralization of special elements used in an os command ('os command injection'). The index holds 6775 prior instances of this class, 121 KEV-listed. The nearest of its KEV-listed records are drawn beside this. taxonomy@v1
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Harm, if it fires from the vector and the weakness
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CISA KEV & Federal Remediation Deadline from the record and CISA
The fix, and how long it's been waiting.
Exploit Status & Known PoCs a ladder, not a score
Current rung: Exploited in the wild · CISA KEV listed, 2023-05-31.
Affected & Fixed Versions as published
Show all 20 published ranges
A rung lights from a row in the index, never from an assessment. "Held sources" is the true scope of the claim: this index reads the CVE record, NVD, CISA KEV, FIRST's EPSS and public proof-of-concept repositories, and it does not observe attacks.
Attack path
What it is stated by the CNA
Improper error message handling in Zyxel ZyWALL/USG series firmware versions 4.60 through 4.73, VPN series firmware versions 4.60 through 5.35, USG FLEX series firmware versions 4.60 through 5.35, and ATP series firmware versions 4.60 through 5.35, which could allow an unauthenticated attacker to execute some OS commands remotely by sending crafted packets to an affected device. receipt
NVD's analysis a second authority
- weakness
- CWE-78
- affected versions
- zyxel atp100 firmware >= 4.60 < 5.36; zyxel atp100w firmware >= 4.60 < 5.35; zyxel atp200 firmware >= 4.60 < 5.36; and 17 more, listed in full below
- also scored by
- [email protected] 9.8 CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H · [email protected] 9.8 CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
check it yourself zyxel.com packetstormsecurity.com receipt
Dated events
Movement the material steps
This score more than doubled inside 72 hours. Both observations are in the full history below.
Show all 41 observations
41 observations held. A highlighted step crossed a promotion threshold. A step marked with a scoring model moved because the instrument was replaced, not because the vulnerability changed. receipt
The full biography
Listed by CISA 36 days after it published, exploit probability more than doubled between 2025-03-11 and 2025-03-14 (0.06927 → 0.82469) and the record had been public for 3 years, 4 months when this index was last written.
No material movement in 81 days as of the last ingest this index recorded.
The pattern, elsewhere
This record is one instance of CWE-78, improper neutralization of special elements used in an os command ('os command injection'). The index holds 6775 prior instances of this class, 121 KEV-listed. The nearest of its KEV-listed records are drawn beside this. [email protected]
"Matches n of m" counts the attributes the two records can both be compared on: the CVSS metrics they share a version of, any weakness class beyond this one, and the vendor. fit-rules@v1
6775 records in this class held. The six above are drawn from the ones CISA has listed as exploited, ranked by how much of the record matches this one. That is why every one of them is KEV-listed: the pool is, so the colour on those spokes says nothing the pool has not already said.
No curated product neighbourhood is held for this product, so the records above are the nearest this index can name. The neighbourhood table covers a small set of products and is extended by hand.
Siblings and hubs
Records related to this one
No record cites this identifier and it carries no alias. Its defect family is below.
Its defect family
zyxel zywall/usg series firmware
Grouped by shared product and weakness, not by shared vulnerability. Each record's own state is on its own page.
Family membership: held values
Nothing we hold separates this record from the others in its defect family. This page is kept and dated, and the defect family's own page is the one we offer for indexing: the whole group.
Browse the index from here
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What usually comes next
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